Erosion often occurs on road embankments when there is a strong and constant impact of precipitation due to local weather phenomena. Likewise, dry periods cause the soil to hold together no longer in agglomerates due to a lack of cohesion of the soil particles but to fall apart. In the next step, high wind or water forces transport detached soil particles away. This may lead to visual obstructions due to dust accumulation or to silting and clogging by mud. If the transport forces decrease, the possibly contaminated soil material is deposited again in undesirable places. This triad of erosion, transport and deposition can lead to considerable problems.
Mechanisms of slope erosion
On slopes, surface or rill erosion usually occurs after a precipitation event has redistributed the surface. Raindrops transfer kinetic energy to the slope surface as soon as they reaches the ground surface. In the process, the droplets disintegrate the soil particles. Fine particles begin to clog the pores of the soil surface and reduce infiltration. Initial sloughing begins. Surface runoff forms and downslope particle removal begins. Erosion, the start of the movement and subsequent transport, leads to the familiar erosion phenomena, such as erosion rills and gullies or surface erosion.
Slopes along heavily used traffic routes should be particularly protected against erosion. This is because spontaneous failure poses a risk to road users with costly consequences, e.g. expensive damage repair. Deconstruction costs can be high if deposited material impairs technical structures. It, therefore, makes sense to implement measures to reduce the erosion risk at an early stage. Thus, it is necessary to correctly understand the processes involved and develop targeted, project-specific solutions.
Erosion control for a better climate
For example, a slope planted with grass is easy to maintain and blends well into the landscape. It provides infiltration capacity compared to the heavily sealed road surfaces. Infiltration is important for a good microclimate, and in a broader sense, also for groundwater recharge. Vegetated slopes support the microclimate through their interception storage effect. The roots of the plants hold the soil water in the upper soil. Through evapotranspiration, the plant leaves connect water exchange with the air. Many plants have a high surface area due to many leaves, and the wetting of the plants also has a positive effect. Vegetated slopes also contribute to biodiversity if different plant species (e.g. flowering plants) can integrate. A constantly vegetated slope thus offers an enormous advantage for the climate in contrast to sealed slopes.
Such green slopes can contribute to improving the climate worldwide and in large numbers. The temperature above such a vegetated slope is lower during hot spells, and the reflection of a green slope is lower than that of sealed or unvegetated slopes.
Systems for solving erosion problems
A good erosion control system has a surface erosion control product with associated fixings. The systems provide flat support, a good bond with the subsoil and secure protection against different types of erosion. These systems can be temporary or permanent; see Table 1.
Table 1: Erosion control systems
Temporary | Permanent |
Natural fibre net, e.g. made from coconut fibres | Randomly oriented PP filaments |
Natural fibre mat, e.g. made from coconut fibres | Reinforced randomly oriented PP filaments |
Biodegradable randomly oriented filaments | Nonwoven with randomly oriented PP filaments |
Biodegradable nonwoven | HDPE Geocell |
Temporary erosion control
Biodegradable erosion control systems are natural solutions that hand over their function to the established vegetation. They provide protection for the initial vegetation and in the vegetative phase for the planting and reduce the energy of precipitation on the surface. The areal products are laid on the slope surface and secured against the wind with likewise biodegradable fixings. The erosion control system is thus completely biodegradable, and there is no need for removal. Depending on the raw material used, the functional life varies.
Coconut fibres have a high natural lignin content and therefore degrade slowly. The woven net structure has a shadowing effect due to the specific thread thickness, which positively supports the regulation of soil moisture. The openings of the net offer both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants optimal space for rapid establishment. The natural fibre net is fixed with sharpened wooden stakes with cross-wood for an optimal bond with the substrate. The areal product is delivered without packaging, as a roll and should be installed quickly.
Permanent erosion control
Geosynthetic erosion control systems have been used successfully for many years. The lightweight products can be easily and quickly applied to the top layer of soil. These systems are effective immediately after installation. The advantage of geosynthetic products over natural fibre products is their permanent protective effect. Permanent products work reliably because soil capable of vegetation is very well bound and held in the open-pored filament layers. The filament layer corresponds to an artificial root network until the plants have developed roots. Unlike temporary erosion control systems, these permanent systems also fulfil their function when the vegetation on highly exposed slopes grow incompletely or fails after years of unusual dry periods. During heavy rainfall the system stabilises and reinforces the soil in addition to the natural root system.
A permanent fixing product is recommended to match the permanent surface product. This fixes the randomly oriented filament product positively to the substrate. This avoids heaving and facilitates filling with topsoil. The surface erosion control product is supplied in rolls, can be stored, and can be laid overlapping or side by side and quickly fixed in place.
In addition, these products offer trickle protection for facing systems. There is also the option of using intelligent combination products. These can provide good erosion control for special requirements.
Design of an erosion control system
An engineering calculation must consider acting forces. On road embankments, erosive precipitation acts on unprotected soil surfaces. This results in soil erosion. The main factors are:
- the prevailing local situation of the slope, climatic zone, etc.
- the orientation of the slope (cardinal point or precipitation attack direction),
- the geometric form
- slope length
- slope inclination
- the structure of the slope surface (structure of planned or existing vegetation, terracing, etc.), the type and structure of the predominant soil material.
- Calculation of safety factors following regulations, codes of practice and standards.
Erosion control systems should therefore not be selected precisely without prior knowledge. It is recommended to also pay attention to the benefits and duration of function on such secured slopes. Software solutions offer the possibility to develop a customised solution with little effort. Software solutions can be used for this purpose.
An adapted erosion control system can be dimensioned safely and quickly with the appropriate software. The data to be included can be entered easily and site-specifically, The output is an erosion control system tailored to the application, considering the aforementioned factors.
Road embankments with protection against erosion
A vegetated slope not only looks beautiful: green slopes are sustainable. Erosion control systems can be adapted to any construction project and can be retrofitted to existing slopes. Retrofitting has the advantage that it can be implemented easily and quickly. The protection systems are installed in the topsoil layer, so no extensive soil excavation is necessary. In the case of newly created slopes, the erosion control system can be integrated into the topsoil layer at the end of a construction phase.
The slopes can be easily maintained by alternate mowing. Alternate mowing should be used so that insect habitats are not completely destroyed within one mowing cycle, as would be the case with complete mowing.
LITERATURE
- DIN EN ISO 10318: Geokunststoffe, edition 2015, part 1 ff.
- DGGT: Empfehlungen für den Entwurf und die Berechnung von Erdkörpern mit Bewehrungen aus Geokunststoffen – EBGEO, second edition 2016.
- Schwertmann et al., Bodenerosion durch Wasser. Vorhersage des Abtrags und Bewertung von Gegenmaßnahmen, second edition 1990.
- BAW Merkblatt Materialtransport im Boden (MMB), Editor: Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW), edition 2013, page 8 ff.
- UBA, Wirkungen der Klimaänderungen auf die Böden, Untersuchungen und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Bodenerosion durch Wasser, edition 16/2011.
- GSI White Paper 38, Elimination of soil erosion using geosynthetics, Koerner et al., edition 2018, page 2 ff.